April 8, 2016 — Prostate cancer patients and their doctors may want to think twice about the best timing for chemotherapy or radiation therapy in conjunction with a common nonsurgical treatment, based on international research findings. The study was led by UT Southwestern Medical Center investigators.
Researchers using mouse models found that many medical androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs) — the most commonly used nonsurgical treatments for prostate cancer — may suppress patients’ adaptive immune responses, preventing immunotherapies from working if both treatments are used but not sequenced properly. ADTs are anti-hormone therapies that decrease the body’s levels of androgens, the type of hormone that is required for prostate cancer to survive and grow.
The study findings were published this week in Science Translational Medicine.
“Medical ADTs have been used for a half-century to treat prostate cancer, and promising clinical results for cancer immunotherapy have led to attempts to combine it and other standard-of-care therapies with immunotherapy to treat the disease,” said senior author and principal investigator Yang-Xin Fu, M.D., Ph.D., professor of pathology and immunology.
Relapse of prostate tumors, however, has been a major problem.
“While surgical ADT — castration — works well with immunotherapy, we determined that some androgen receptor antagonists could reduce the T-cell response against prostate cancer, leading to early tumor relapse,” said Fu, who holds the Mary Nell and Ralph B. Rogers Professorship in Immunology and also is a member of the Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center at UT Southwestern.
In other words, the suppressed immune response caused by medical ADTs blocks the efficacy of immunotherapy and leads to the relapses in cancer commonly seen in clinical trials.
“Our study shows that in some patients, this poor response could also be due to the radiation or chemotherapy itself suppressing the immune response,” Fu explained. “These treatments may reduce the tumor burden in the short term, but at the same time, they can suppress the immune response — and because they don’t kill every cancer cell, resistant clones will be selected, especially when the body’s immune response is not mobilized, and the tumor will relapse much more aggressively.
Careful regulation of the timing, types and dosage of antiandrogens used with immunotherapy are key to maximizing the anti-tumor effects of combination therapy, the study indicates.
“The findings also highlight an underappreciated mechanism of androgen receptor (AR) antagonist-mediated immune suppression and provide a new strategy to enhance the immune response and perhaps prevent or delay the relapse of advanced prostate cancer,” Fu said.
More studies are needed, Fu said, but the upshot is that some chemotherapies and radiation therapies should not be used concurrently with immunotherapies.
“We hope that our findings will cause physicians to think twice before starting chemotherapy or radiation on their cancer patients, to consider the best way to combine them with immunotherapies,” he said. “The idea is to kill the tumor cells while also considering whether these therapies are suppressing or activating the immune system.”
Lead author of the study was Yang Pu, a visiting junior researcher in pathology. Researchers from the University of Chicago, South China University of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China also contributed. The study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and China’s Ministry of Science and Technology.
For more information: www.stm.sciencemag.org
September 09, 2026 
